About Hysterectomy
While bothersome symptoms such as very heavy bleeding or pain often respond to medications or other non-surgical treatment, sometimes the symptoms do not get better. For some women, other minimally invasive surgical techniques may have failed and hysterectomy may be appropriate. A recent American study done by a woman doctor at Harvard found that many women who had a hysterectomy performed because of moderate or severe symptoms were "very satisfied" with the results of surgery, and they noted an improvement in their quality of life.
One of the most important factors in helping you choose appropriate medical care is your full understanding of the reasons for treatment, the risks, and the potential benefits for you. If hysterectomy has been suggested to you as an option, you should carefully weigh the potential benefits and risks so that you are able to make a comfortable and informed decision about whether hysterectomy is right for you. Hopefully, the information presented here will help you with this decision.
We pride ourselves in performing hysterectomies usually as a last resort to gynecologic problems, but the operation is sometimes necessary and appropriate. Dr. Parker has a superb reputation for gynecologic surgery in general and laparoscopic surgery specifically. He has been performing operative laparoscopic surgery since 1987 and laparoscopic hysterectomies since 1993.
What Are the Different Types of Hysterectomy?
Hysterectomy, removal of the uterus, can be performed through an abdominal incision, an incision at the top of the vagina, or laparoscopically through a few small (1/2 inch) incisions in the lower abdomen. Removal of the ovaries and tubes (I usually recommend the ovaries be left in place) is called bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. (see illustration)
Total hysterectomy removes the entire uterus, including the cervix. Supra-cervical hysterectomy removes only the upper body of the uterus and the cervix is left in place, attached to the top of the vagina. Unless you have cancer or have had recurrent problems with pre-cancer of the cervix you can have a choice as to whether the cervix will be removed or not. Some women feel that if the cervix is removed they will have diminished sexual pleasure or will develop bladder problems. This issue is discussed in detail below.
Laparoscopic hysterectomy and laparoscopic subtotal hysterectomy will be described here. Abdominal and vaginal hysterectomies are more fully discussed at: http://www.gynsecondopinion.com/.
What is Laparoscopic Hysterectomy?
One advantage of laparoscopic hysterectomy is that the incisions are smaller (1/2 inch) and much less uncomfortable than that of abdominal hysterectomy. Also, the hospital stay of 0-1 day and the ability to resume normal activity in about 2 weeks are substantially shorter than for abdominal hysterectomy (3 days in the hospital and 6 weeks recovery) and slightly shorter than for vaginal hysterectomy (1-2 days, 3-4 weeks).
For patients who have known or suspected pelvic scar tissue or endometriosis, laparoscopic surgery allows the surgeon to remove the diseased tissue with the laparoscope before performing the hysterectomy. For patients who have large fibroids that might otherwise be difficult to remove by vaginal hysterectomy, laparoscopic hysterectomy allows the surgeon to detach the blood vessels to the uterus while viewing them through the laparoscope and skilled laparoscopic surgeons can remove even very large fibroid uteri laparoscopically and thus avoid a large abdominal incision. Laparoscopic hysterectomy does require extra training and considerable skill and experience on the part of the surgeon.
What is Laparoscopic Supracervical Hysterectomy?
Laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy allows the uterus to be detached from inside the body using laparoscopic instruments while the doctor is viewing the uterus, tubes, and ovaries on a flat screen monitor using a camera attached to a telescope. This procedure differs from standard hysterectomies in that the cervix is retained in the woman's body, while the main portion of the uterus is detached, cut into small pieces by a special instrument called a morcellator and removed through small (one inch) incisions in the lower abdomen.
Is There Any Benefit to Leaving the Cervix in Place?
There is much debate as to whether there is any benefit to leaving the cervix in place. The proponents of supracervical hysterectomy suggest that it causes less disruption of the nerves and, consequently, sexual function, and bladder and bowel function and pelvic support are better preserved with this operation. These potential benefits have not been borne out by statistical analysis of two recent large studies, but some women may still note changes in sexual satisfaction, or bowel or bladder function if their cervix is removed and may benefit from keeping it. Some women also feel that pressure against the cervix during intercourse is pleasurable and that removal of the cervix may change this sensation. So, this is something you should think about and ask your doctor about.
Also, it does appear that healing and recovery are somewhat faster because there is no surgery performed inside the vagina and no stitches at the top of vagina that need to heal. Since the cervix is still in place after supracervical hysterectomy, it is important to continue to have Pap smears regularly.
Please click here for a video about Laparoscopic Supracervical Hysterectomy
What Is a Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy?
Total laparoscopic hysterectomy is a surgical procedure that allows both the uterus and cervix to be detached from inside the body by laparoscopic instruments and then they are removed through a small incision at the top of the vagina. For women who have cervical conditions that require removal of the cervix (persistent abnormal pap smears, etc), this procedure allows removal of the cervix.
Dr. Parker has extensive experience performing both laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomies and total laparoscopic hysterectomies for many years and his patients' experience has been extremely favorable. There are indications and reasons for each procedure, and before surgery he discusses these issues with each patient who is considering a hysterectomy.
Will Hysterectomy Become a Less Common Operation?
New treatments for fibroids and abnormal bleeding, two of the most common reasons for hysterectomy, should decrease the need for hysterectomy. Myomectomy performed by hysteroscopy, laparoscopy, or abdominal surgery can usually be used to remove fibroids and alleviate symptoms without the need to remove the uterus.
Abnormal bleeding may often be treated by the progesterone IUD or endometrial ablation and 90% of women report excellent results, which allows these women to avoid hysterectomy. Endometriosis, the third most common reason for hysterectomy, may be treated by medical therapy, although the side-effects and expense of the medications limit its use. However, laparoscopic surgery to remove just the areas of endometriosis may be used to alleviate pelvic pain associated with endometriosis. Hysterectomy, for most of these conditions should be a last resort, not the first one.
What Questions Should You Ask Your Doctor if it is Recommended that you have a Hysterectomy?
It is important for you to understand the reasons that your doctor has suggested a hysterectomy as treatment for your gynecologic problem. The most common reasons for surgery are pain, bleeding, or symptoms from fibroids. The first question that you should ask is what specifically is causing your problem. You should also ask if there are other tests that can be done to make the diagnosis more certain.
Once a probable diagnosis has been established, you should also ask what the consequences to your health will be if you do not have surgery, either at all, or at this time. For every condition, there are usually alternatives of varying degrees of effectiveness. For problems that are not life-threatening, one option may be to do nothing. The next question to ask the doctor is "are there non-surgical or minimally-invasive therapies available to treat my condition?"
For some of the newer procedures, such as endometrial ablation, laparoscopic surgery, or laparoscopic hysterectomy, additional training and experience must be acquired before the procedures can be safely performed. It is important to ask about your doctor's experience doing any operation that has been proposed. You should feel comfortable with the number of procedures he or she has performed for problems like yours. Regular, ongoing performance of these procedures is needed to keep surgical skills at a high level. Therefore, it is important for you to ask about surgical training and experience.
Should You Get a Second Opinion?
If surgery is recommended, often the answer is yes. Most doctors will welcome the idea of a second opinion. If they have done a complete job on the diagnosis and on the explanation of the problem to you, then they should feel confident about the range of options they have discussed with you. In addition, no doctor knows everything, and your doctor may welcome any other new ideas about your problem. This is your body and your life and you deserve to know everything you can about all the options available.
Does Laparoscopic Hysterectomy Work for Women with Fibroids?
Laparoscopic hysterectomy, either total or supracervical, is often possible for women with fibroids, with the benefits of less postoperative pain, shorter hospital stay and faster recovery without increased risk. One study found that surgical blood loss, postoperative pain, and hospital stay were all significantly better for women who had a laparoscopic hysterectomy. The women who had an abdominal hysterectomy had 2 postoperative complications and 5 women had fevers. The only problem in the laparoscopic group was postoperative fevers in 2 women.
What are the Risks and Possible Complications of Hysterectomy
Major complications from a hysterectomy are rare. The risks include injury to blood vessels, the bladder, bowel, and ureters. While these injuries can be serious, if they are detected early they can usually be corrected. The Maine Women's Study recently reported that only 1% of the 400 women in their study who had a hysterectomy had a bleeding complication, 5% had a treatable wound or bladder infection, and no woman had a serious complication or died. For all women in the United Sates ages 35 to 44 who have a hysterectomy (other than for cancer) the risk of dying is about 3 per 10,000 women.
In studies of abdominal and vaginal hysterectomies, injury to the bladder has been reported in 1 out of 200 surgeries, and injury to the ureter in 1 out of 1,000 vaginal hysterectomies and 1 out of 200 abdominal hysterectomies. One study of laparoscopic hysterectomies, injury to the bladder was seen in 7 out of 1,000 surgeries, injury to the ureter in 1 out of 100, and injury to the intestine in 1 out of 250 women.
The largest study (about 4,000 surgeries) to measure complications from laparoscopic hysterectomy found that about 2% of women had a major complication, including one woman (0.002%) who died from a pulmonary embolus after surgery. Another study compared complications in 3112 laparoscopically assisted hysterectomies, 1618 abdominal hysterectomies. Injury to the bladder, ureter, and bowel was slightly more common with laparoscopic than abdominal procedures.
I have performed more than 500 laparoscopic hysterectomies and have never had an injury to blood vessels, the ureter or bowel or had a patient develop a pelvic infection after surgery. Two women had a small hole made in the bladder in areas of thick scar tissue as a result of multiple cesarean sections. Laparoscopic suturing of the small injuries was done and the patients went home the next morning and had normal recoveries. In 29 years of an active gynecological surgery practice I have never had one patient die as a result of any type of surgery.
(also see A Gynecologist's Second Opinion (Plume, 2003) http://www.gynsecondopinion.com/hysterectomy.htm)
If you need a hysterectomy, should you also have your ovaries removed?
A few years ago I changed my view about this controversial subject and I now believe that, unless there is cancer present or a strong family history of cancer, the ovaries should almost never be removed at the time of hysterectomy.
First, the risk of ovarian cancer goes down if the ovaries remain after removal of the uterus. The reason for this is not clear, but it may be that the path for potential carcinogens from the vagina to the ovaries is interrupted when the uterus is removed. Thus, the risk of a woman developing ovarian cancer after hysterectomy is probably closer to 1 in 200 (0.5%) by the time you are 90 years old, rather than 1 in 80 (1.2%) for women who have not had a hysterectomy. This fact is not known by most women or even their physicians.
Significantly, the ovaries produce hormones long after menopause. Estrogen continues to be produced in small amounts, about 25 percent of normal pre-menopausal levels. Studies show lower rates of heart disease (the major killer of women today), less bone loss and less dementia in women who keep their ovaries than in women who have had their ovaries removed.
Testosterone, one of the hormones normally produced by the ovary, is produced daily for at least 30 years after menopause. Muscle, skin and fat cells change testosterone into estrogen, so the ovary continues to make estrogen this way for many years. This source of estrogen appears to be responsible for the lower risks of heart disease and osteoporosis found in women who still have their ovaries.
Testosterone also influences sexual feelings, desire, arousal and mood. Women with hormones from their own ovaries have a lower rate of depression than women who have had them removed, even if estrogen therapy (ET) is taken. These issues are harder to measure and, for that reason, were not included in our study.
We recently published an article in the renowned journal Obstetrics and Gynecology that showed a lower risk of dying before age 80 if you choose to keep your ovaries at the time you have a hysterectomy. By performing a computer analysis of the risks for heart disease, stroke, osteoporosis, ovarian cancer and breast cancer for women who have had their ovaries removed and comparing the risks of dying from these conditions to women who still have their ovaries, we found an advantage to leaving your ovaries in until age 65. And, based on our analysis, there is no real advantage to removing the ovaries at any age unless, of course, you are at high risk of developing ovarian cancer based on family history or genetic testing.
Here is the abstract from our article:
Ovarian Conservation at the Time of Hysterectomy for Benign Disease
William Parker, MD, Michael Broder, MD MPH, Zhimei Liu PhD, Donna Shoupe, MD, Cindy Farquhar, MD, Jonathan Berek, MD
Obstetrics and Gynecology 2005; 106:219-26
Objective: Prophylactic oophorectomy is often recommended concurrently with hysterectomy for benign disease. The appropriate age for this recommendation has not been determined.
Methods: Using published age-specific data for absolute and relative risk, both with and without oophorectomy, for ovarian cancer, coronary heart disease (CHD), hip fracture, breast cancer, and stroke, a Markov decision analysis model was used to determine the optimal strategy to maximize survival. For each 5-year age group from 40-80, four strategies were compared: ovarian conservation or oophorectomy; and use of ERT or non-use. Outcomes as proportion of women alive at age 80 were measured. Sensitivity analyses were performed varying both relative and absolute risk estimates across the range of reported values.
Results: Ovarian conservation benefits long-term survival for women before age 65; women with oophorectomy before age 55 have 8.38% excess mortality by age 80 and before age 59 have 3.92% excess mortality. There is sustained, but decreasing, benefit until the age of 75, when excess mortality for oophorectomy is less than 1%. These results were unchanged following multiple sensitivity analyses and were most sensitive to the risk of coronary heart disease.
Conclusion: Ovarian conservation before age 65 benefits long-term survival and may have some benefit for older women. |
For more information about this important topic, please visit http://www.ovaryresearch.com/
Are There Reasons Some Women May Wish to Have Their Ovaries Removed?
There are a few situations where women may wish to have their ovaries removed at the time of hysterectomy. If the ovaries are affected by endometriosis or a woman has severe endometriosis and pelvic pain, studies show that removing the ovaries is associated with better long-term relief of pain than if the ovaries are not removed. Severe adhesions, or scar tissue, around the ovaries may also cause continued pelvic pain.
Some women have a family history of ovarian cancer. A genetic counselor can help evaluate your risk and may suggest BRCA (breast/ovarian cancer) gene testing to determine if you have inherited this gene that increases your risk. If you have the BRCA gene, you should strongly consider having your ovaries removed because your risk of ovarian and or brea cancer is very high. In this case, the benefits of removing your ovaries and preventing ovarian cancer should far outweigh the benefits of keeping your own ovarian hormones.
Each woman needs to weigh her own risks and benefits of having the ovaries removed at the time of surgery. Women tend to make very different decisions based on their particular circumstances. However, it is always best to make these decisions based on accurate and current medical information. This decision is yours to make and should be discussed in detail with your doctor. As always, if there are unanswered questions or concern, get a second opinion.
FOR MORE ABOUT HYSTERECTOMY, SEE OUR BOOK “A GYNECOLOGIST'S SECOND OPINION” AT http://www.gynsecondopinion.com/
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